### 1. Paradigms

**Definition**: Paradigms are overarching frameworks or worldviews that shape how individuals or groups understand and interpret reality. They encompass beliefs, values, and practices that guide research and thinking within a particular field.

**Example**: In science, the **Newtonian paradigm** describes a view of physics based on classical mechanics, where objects behave predictably under the influence of forces. This paradigm was dominant until the advent of quantum mechanics, which introduced a new paradigm for understanding subatomic particles.

### 2. Visions

**Definition**: Visions are aspirational statements or images of the future that guide the direction of an organization or individual. They express what is desired to be achieved over a certain time frame.

**Example**: A company’s vision might be **”To create a sustainable future through innovative technology.”** This vision guides the company’s strategic planning and decision-making processes.

### 3. Theories

**Definition**: Theories are systematic explanations of phenomena that are based on a body of evidence and are used to predict outcomes. They are more specific than paradigms and often arise from research and observation.

**Example**: **The theory of evolution by natural selection**, proposed by Charles Darwin, explains how species change over time through the process of survival and reproduction, shaping biological diversity.

### 4. Models

**Definition**: Models are simplified representations of complex systems or processes that help to understand, explain, or predict behaviors and outcomes. They can be physical, mathematical, or conceptual.

**Example**: The **Bohr model of the atom** represents electrons orbiting the nucleus in fixed paths, providing a way to visualize and understand atomic structure.

### 5. Frameworks

**Definition**: Frameworks are structured approaches that provide a systematic way to understand a particular issue or process. They outline key components and relationships within a system and serve as a guide for analysis or implementation.

**Example**: The **PESTLE framework** (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental) is used in strategic planning to analyze external factors that might affect an organization or project.

These terms are often interconnected, with frameworks and models often emerging from theories and paradigms, while visions can inspire new paradigms and theories.